![]() Although SERS can identify pathogens, further development and improvement is needed before clinical application. It is surprising that there are no reports using SERS for C. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy offers biological testing and is relatively inexpensive and portable 14. The characteristic spectra facilitate simultaneous detection of multiple components. The SERS spectral bands are narrow with high resolution of spectral peaks, thus minimizing fluorescence background interference 13. SERS offers qualitative and quantitative detection of the analyte because it has high specificity 12. For example, SERS spectra offer spectral fingerprints unique to the constituent molecules. SERS offers several advantages for fungal identification that can make up for the deficiencies of the above detection methods. The surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) effect refers to the Raman scattering signal of adsorbed molecules due to the enhancement of an electromagnetic field on or near the sample surface, or in the excitation region of specific metal conductors or sol that have been specially prepared 11. gattii however, the equipment costs are very high 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI TOF MS), gene chips, and second-generation sequencing technology have all been used for clinical identification of Cryptococcus and can distinguish between C. Traditional detection methods for cryptococcus, such as ink staining and antigen kit testing, are relatively fast but cannot distinguish between C. gattii was reclassified as a single species. 4 found that there were some differences in phenotype, biology, and genetic taxonomy between C. gattii because its characteristics were very similar to those of C. Since then, there have only been a few reports of its occurrence. Gattii and Eeckels reported the first case of C. Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii are the two most common species causing human cryptococcosis 1, 2 Cryptococcus species need to be identified to guide and predict treatment 3. Therefore, Cryptococcus infection has attracted increasing attention. On average, there are 1 million cryptococcal infections per year among individuals living with HIV/AIDS, resulting in nearly 625,000 deaths (source: Center for Disease Control, Atlanta, USA, ). The accuracy of the training data and test data was 100% after a tenfold crossover validation.Ī report by the United Nation's HIV/AIDS (Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) program and the World Health Organization ( ) in December 2018 showed that 37.9 million people were living with HIV/AIDS 1.7 million individuals were newly infected with the disease in 2018, and 770,000 died of AIDS-related causes. This novel SERS detection method can clearly distinguish between the two Cryptococcus species using principal component analysis. ![]() The SERS spectra could also be used as a sample database in the multivariate analysis via orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis. ![]() The AgNPs + self-assembled on the surface of the fungal cell wall via electrostatic aggregation, leading to enhanced SERS signals that were better than the standard substrate negatively charged silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). gattii in clinical specimens directly via surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and spectral analysis. Here, we used positively charged silver nanoparticles (AgNPs +) as a substrate to distinguish between C. In addition, the long detection cycle of Cryptococcus in clinical specimens makes the diagnosis of Cryptococcal infections difficult. Cryptococcal infections are usually difficult to identify because of their slow growth in vitro. These two species of Cryptococcus have differences in pathogenicity, diagnosis, and treatment. Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii are the two most common species that cause human cryptococcosis. There are approximately 1 million cryptococcal infections per year among HIV+ individuals, resulting in nearly 625,000 deaths. ![]()
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